Study Concerning the Nomenclature of Different Points of The Same Name / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In 1989 the Japan Acupoints Committee decided upon standard locations for acupoints based upon a rational method of proportional distribution and points of the same names but different locations were expressed by attaching the location indicator before the name such as _??__??__??_. However as study of the naming of points of the same names and different locations is yet incomplete it remains as a topic for further investigation. As one aspect of this investigation I examined related literature from ancient China through the Edo Period in Japan to determine how points of the same names but different locations were expressed and named in an effort to consider how they should be called hereforth.<br>An analysis of the modes of expression in the investigated literature showed that in Japan through the Edo Period for the most part the location of the point was read using the Japanese reading of the Chinese character and the helper article “NO” (meaning of or belonging to) was inserted between the location and the point name, however methods of expression in many cases were not unified. No tendency toward an effort for unified nomenclature was observed, rather points seemed to be named independently.<br>Now that nomenclature is being unified, when we consider the expressions for points of the same names but different locations I propose that we should consider the reading of the special anatomical name, the reading adopted by WHO and the reading of the names of other acupoints compositely, and name the points according to the tonal reading of the Chinese character, for example “Shusanri” for what we have heretofore referred to as Te No Sanri (LI10).

Clinical Observations on Cervical Brachialgia / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Making external reference observations the object of our study, we attempted to assume the root disease in 60 subjects afflicted with cervical brachialgia.<br>Results showed 3 cases of cervical-spinal disease symptoms assumed from sensory disturbances of the upper and lower extremities or gait disturbances, etc.; 27 cases of cervical nerve root symptoms determined by the Spurling Test and pain and tenderness with backward flexion of the cervical vertebrae; 18 cases of thoracic outlet syndrome determined through the Wright Test, and Morley Test, etc. 5 cases of cervico-scapulo-brachial syndrome did not show the above mentioned disease conditions and 7 cases were undetermined.<br>The above was not conclusive diagnosis but it did help in assuming an outline of the disease conditions. From the point of view of therapeutic results it was observed that acupuncture therapy was not appropriate for spinal symptoms, appropriate to a degree for nerve root symptoms and appropriate for thoracic outlet syndrome.

Clinical Observation on Periartthite Scapulohumera / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Using 69 patients afflicted with arthralgia of the shoulder joint accompanied by motor limitations as subjects we conducted research to determine to what extent the nature of the shoulder arthralgia could be assumed based upon clinical observations centered around interview and palpation tests.<br>Our method was to determine guide symptoms for various shoulder joint diseases and make assumptions as to the origin of the patient's condition based on the rate of occurrence of these symptoms.<br>Results revealed 34 (49%) cases of adherent inflammation of the articular capsule, 12 cases of inflammation of the synovial bursa of the acromion and 9 cases of tendonitis of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. In addition cases of tendinitis of the rotator cuff tendonits of the supraspinatus muscle and inflammation of the coracoidal process were assumed. In some cases there was pain in the posterior area of the shoulder and tenderness was observed in the tendon of the triceps brachii muscle in 5 cases. It was shown that assumptioons such as these based upon clinical observation are to some extent helpful in diagnosis.

Research concerning standard location of meridian points on the yang meridians of the crus / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

With international standardization of location of meridian points which are fundamental to acupuncture as a goal we studied the location of meridian points on the Yang meridians of the crus. The method of research was to adopt the descriptions of point locations round in the classics using the classics chronologically and adding to this information based on actual measurement, conduct our studies. As a standard local scale for Yang meridians on the crus, as in the KOTSUDO chapter the distance from the height of the knee split point to the lateral malleolus is 16 fcun and the distance from the fold line in the popliteal fossa (B40) to the superior border of the calcaneus is given as 16 fcun, point locations which could not be explained anatomically were proportionally distributed with in the local scale. Thus on the Stomach Meridian as the classic locations of S36 and S41 can be assumed and expressed anatomically and the other points lie between S35 and S41, S37 was determined 2/5 from S35, S38 and S40 in the middle and S39 2/5 from S41. On the Gall Bladder Meridian, G34 and G40 are determined anatomically and the other points between the knee split point and the lateral malleolus, G35 and G36 in the middle front or back, G37 1/3 from the lateral malleolus, G38 1/4 from the lateral malleolus and G39 1/5 from the lateral malleolus. On the Bladder Meridian between B40 and the superior border of the calcaneum protrubence, B55 is 1/8 from B40, B56 is 1/3 from B40, B57 and B58 midway medially or laterally and B59 1/5 from the calcaneum protrubence.

Research concerning the standard locations of meridian points on the yang meridians of the foot / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

For the Yang Meridians on the feet we adopted the point locations described in the classics using the classics chronologically and expressed the point locations on the surface of the body in anatomical terms. When this was not possible they were expressed proportionately in terms of their location between standard points. The standard local scale for the foot was calculated through actual measurement using 3 fcun as the standard distance from the lateral malleolus to the ground. The altered scale of 2.5 fcun from the lateral malleolus to the ground and the 6.5 fcun used for the location of points between S44 and S41 in the KOITSU and a clinical local scale were used. Thus according to the 2.5 fcun measurement from the lateral malleolus to the ground for B63, B61 was determined as 1/3 of the way from the ground and B62 as 1/3 of the way from the lateral malleolus. B64, B65, and B66 were determined anatomically on the lateral superior border of the 5th metatarsal and the 5th toe. G41, G42 and G43 were determined anatomically on the dorsal aspect of the foot between the 4th and 5th metatarsals. Stomach Meridian, S44 on the dorsal aspect of the foot between the bases of the 2nd and 3rd proximal phalanges was established as a standard point and using S41 researched previously as a standard point, S44 was located 1/4 of the way posterior and S43, 1/3 of the way anterior. B67, G44 and S45 were located behind the nails on the 4th, 5th and 2nd toes.

Research concerning standard locations of meridian points on the regio scapularis and the hands / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

With the internationalization of acupuncture the worid unification of meridians and points basic to acupuncture medicine has become essential. At the present studies are underway aimed at the internationalization of meridians and meridian points. To aid in this effecrt we conducted research on the standard location of points in the scapular region and on the hands. Using the classic Writings from the SOMON thru the SHINKYU SHUEI and adopting as far as possible older classics we obtained the following results. In this study there was no need for the classic standard local scale however the distance from TE13 to the inferior angle of the scapuiar converted according to height of 6.6 fcun was established as a clinical scale. In the scapular area with the exception of SI11 all points- LI16, TE15, SI12, SI13 and G21 could be determined anatomically. On the hands thanks to protrubences, bulges, joints and so on it was possible to determine all points anatomically. This included on the Yin meridians, 2 points on the Lung Meridian, 2 points on the Pericardium Meridian, 2 points on the Heart Meridian. On the Yang meridian it included 4 points on the Large Intestine Meridian, 2 points on the Triple Warmer Meridian, 4 points on the Small Intestine Meridian. Among these the well points on the tips of the fingers were determined as 1/10 middle finger fcun above the angle of the margin occultus unguis on the respective fingers.

Noninvasive measurement of volume elastic modulus in human finger arteries during and after the LI4 and LI10 acupuncture / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

During and after the LI4 and LI10 Acupuncture, the volume elastic modulus Ev in the basal phalanx of finger arteries were measured. Ev values were noninvasively obtained using a new type of plethysmograph called the “electric impedance-cuff” which can detect indirect arterial pressure and volume change in the artery. After 15 minutes of rest, 2 minutes acupuncture on LI4 and LI10 were carried out in 16 healthy subjects, respectively. Volume elastic modulus showed a significant decrease (p<0.01) during and after the LI10 Acupuncture. Its decrease were maintained at least 20 minutes after the withdrawal of the needle. While the Ev values did not show the typical change during and after the LI4 acupuncture. These date suggest that the elasticity of the peripheral wall was lagely affected by the LI10 acupuncture, and the effect was caused not only by peripheral reflex but by other factors.

Research on the use of individual finger cun measurements for acupuncture point localization / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In order to determine acupuncture point locations, basic points are used as indicators and a standard local scale expressed. In the classic text SENKINPO the individual finger can is described as an easy method for determining a standard local scale. To determine whether the can explained in the original text where 7 SHAKU 5 CUN is used as a standard for the body height, and the individual finger can measurements taken on the middle fingers and thumb correspond, we measured the height and bilateral middle finger and thumb lengths of a mixed group of 242 male and female subjects. Following are our results:<br>1. On male and female adults both left and right middle finger can measurements corresponded well. Results with school age children were similar however correlation was not as favorable as with adults.<br>2. Correlation with thumb can measurements was not good.<br>3. Classics state that for males the left hand is to be used, for females the right hand. In the adult group which showed high correlation these were compared however no significant differences between sexes was proven.<br>4. We compared the adult middle finger can with the body height however the local scale which varies individually also varles with the length of various parts of the body. It was shown however to be useful in point localization in precise short areas.

Clinical study of usual acupuncture methods and cross insertion for peripheral facial paralysis / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

We proved that acupuncture insertion at a 45 degree angle to the path of the gastrocnemius muscle tissue of animals serves to relieve muscle fatigue. This was done as preparatory research to determine whether good results could be obtained using this insertion method in the treatment of peripheral facial nerve paralysis. Acupuncture points used were GB-14, TAIYO, SI-18, ST-4, ST-6, ST-5 and TE-17 on the face and GB-20, GB-21, BL-38 and LI-11. Stationary insertion was administered for a period of 15 minutes using 50mm No. 20 stainless steel needles.<br>No results were obtained with acupuncture therapy in 2 cases in which the symptoms were the after-affects of surgery, however results were obtained in 80% of Bell's Palsy cases and 70% of Hunt Syndrome cases. Fewer treatments were required in Bell's Palsy cases. Moreover a comparison of results in a former acupuncture therapy methods group in which insertion was performed without considering the muscle path, and the cross-insertion group, showed cure in 5 Bell's Palsy cases or 42% in the former group and 8 cases or 62% in the cross-insertion group. From the fact that results were obtained in the cross-insertion group with significantly fewer treatments it was indicated that the direction of acupuncture insertion is extremely important.

Clinical observation and assumption of disease origin for sciatica / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

From the clinical point of view of the acupuncturist 105 cases of sciatica were classified according to Interview Impressions (age, sex, affected limb, degree of pain in local areas, motor pain in lumbar vertebrae); Observation Impressions (structural disorders of lumbar vertebrae); Palpation Impressions (tenderness, sensitivity disorders); Special Test Information (SLR, Bonnet Test, ATR, PTR, muscular strength disorders, etc.); and the original disease assumed.<br>It was possible to assume the original disease in a high percentage -68%- that is 71 of 105 cases. Spondylosis deformans occurred in patients middle aged or over and was characterized by pain upon walking, spinous process irregularities, etc., Lumbar hernia occurred in young patients and was characterized by remarkable SLR results, tenderness between the spinous processes, etc., Slipped disc was characterized by deformation of lumbar disc arrangement, ATR disturbances, palpation disturbances, etc., Spinal canal stenosis was characterized by intermittent claudication, pain relief with anterior bending of the lumbar spine, sensory disturbance in the lower limbs, etc. In piriformis muscle syndrome cases Bonnet Test results were positive, SLR light and ATR normal.

Evaluation of hypertensive effect of the acupuncture to the carotid sinus by means of indirect instantaneous sphygmomanometry / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

During and after the “Toshi” which is the acupuncture of the carotid sinus, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in the basal pharanx of finger arteries by means of indirect sphygmomanometer called the “volume compensation method”. After 15 minutes resting, 2 minutes acupuncture on both sides of the carotid sinus was carried out in 16 hypertensive subjects. Finger arterial pressure showed a significant decrease by about 14mmHg (mean) in systolic pressure and by 9mmHg (mean) in diastolic pressure during and after the acupuncture (p<0.05). The decrease in blood pressure showed a maximum at 15-20 minutes after the withdrawal of needles. Pulse pressure and heart rate did not show a significant change. These results were almost similar to those obtained in normotensive subjects. These data suggests that hypertensive subjects are also responsible to “Toshi” and that this effect may not be caused by the cardiac inhibition refrex but the change in vascular tonus.

Research on the Hachiryo points using X-ray / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In recent times it is generally customary to assume that the HACHIRYO points correspond with the posterior sacral formina. In order to find a way to locate these points in accordance with this general practice we took X-rays of the sacral area of 23 subjects and conducted this study. Results showed that the standard height for the distribution of the HACHIRYO points was a point halfway between the spinous process of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the superior ridge of the middle sacral crest. We called this point the “17th vertebra”. Also the midpoint between the inferior ridge of the left and right sacral angles was determined as the “sacral angle midpoint”.<br>One-fourth of the way from the 17th vertebra to the sacral angle midpoint was considered the height of B-31. In the same area onetenth of the way from the sacral angle midpoint to the 17th vertebra was determined as the height of B-34. The area between B-31 and B-34 is divided into thirds to determine the heights of B-32 and B-33.<br>Next to determine the lateral distribution the area between the inferior ridge of the posterior-superior iliac spine and the posterior median line is used. The point laterally 3/4 of the way between these which coincides with the predetermined height of B-31 is the location of B-31. Likewise the point halfway between the inferior ridge of the posterior-superior iliac spine which coincides with the determined height of B-34 is the location of B-34. Next a slanted line is used to connect B-31 and B-34. The points along this line which coincide with the previously determined heights of B-32 and B-33 are considered the locations of these points.

Research on standard locations of acupuncture points in the brachial region / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

In order to determine the standard locations of acupuncture points in the brachial region I studied the actual descriptions of point locations as recorded in ancient texts. In the REISU the length from the shoulder to the elbow is indicated as 1 SHAKU, 7 SUN, however there are two theories about the interpretation of shoulder, the GV-14 DAITSUI theory and the shoulder tip theory. Examining the point further we find that distribution of acupuncture points on the Large Intestine Meridian from LI-15 to LI-11 covers 10 SUN. In this case based on the description depicting the position of the arms as horizontal and turned outwards, actual measurement of each location on the 120 arms of 60 subjects proved that when the “shoulder” was interpreted as GV-14, the upper arm measurement was 10 SUN. (The measurement from GV-14 to LI-15 is 7 SUN thus accounting for the 1 SHAKU 7 SUN.)<br>Using this 10 SUN as the criterion for the upper arm and determing the proportional distribution of acupuncture points between the shoulder and the elbow based on the lengths indicated in ancient texts 9 points are defined: LI-13 and LI-14 on the Large Intestine Meridian, TE-11, TE-12 and TE-13 on the Triple Energizer Meridian, L-3 and L-4 on the Lung Meridian, P-2 on the Pericardium Meridian, and H-2 on the Heart Meridian. There were 12 points for which the locations could be determined anatomically: LI-11, LI-12, LI-15 on the Large Intestine Meridian, TE-10 and TE-14 on the Triple Energizer Meridian, SI-8, SI-9, SI-12 on the Small Intestine Meridian, L-5 on the Lung Meridian, P-3 on the Pericardium Meridian and H-1, H-3 on the Heart Meridian.

Noninvasive and continuous monitoring of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in finger arteries during and after the acupuncture of the carotid sinus / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

By means of indirect sphygmomanometer called “volume compensation technique” systolic and diastolic blood pressure in finger arteries were noninvasively and continuously measured during and after the “doshi” which is the acupuncture of the carotid sinus. After 15-min resting, 2-min puncture of the right and left carotid sinus was carried out in 23 healthy subjects (8 males and 15 females, aged 18-55). Finger arterial blood pressure was measured during the rest and the in-situ puncture, and then at 30 minutes after the withdrawing. For the control the dodged puncture of the carotid sinus was also made in other 6 healthy subjects (2 males and 4 females, aged 23-55).<br>Decreasing in blood pressure were observed during and after the doshi in 87% of the subjects. The mean magnitude of the decrease in the systolic and diastolic pressure at 15-21 minutes after the withdrawal of the needle were 12 and 10mmHg, respectively. Pulse pressure and heart rate showed little changes during the experiment. To the control dodged puncture, the maximum change in the systolic and diastolic pressure were 3.4 and 5.0mmHg, respectively, which were within the range of the physiological blood pressure variation. These data suggests that the blood pressure response to the “doshi” may not be induced by the vagal cardiac inhibition but by the change in peripheral vascular resistance.

A comparative study on the recovery of grasping power by cross-insertion and parallel-insertion / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Effect on the recovery of grasping power depending on the inserting direction of acupuncture was studied on 16 healthy person whose grasping power has weakened by continuous grasp of dynamometer.<br>1) As grasping power was not remarkably diminished by cross-insertion in comparison with non-treatment, the fromer method was considered to be far more effective than the latter in recovering the grasping power.<br>2) Cross-insertion was more effective than parallel-insertion in recovering the grasping power after checked injthe same method.<br>3) There was no rewarkable difference between non-treatment and parallel-insertion in the recovery of the grasping power.<br>Conclusion: The inserting direction of acupuncture has an important role in the effect of recovering the grasping power.

Actual proof of efficacy of acupuncture-moxibustion and education of acupuncture / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Acupuncture and moxibustion were introduced to Japan from China and handed down for 1400 years by acupuncturists. On looking over back the last 100 years, these therapies, while undergoing constant improvemnet by practioners, have both found acceptance by the general population and contributed to public health and hygiene.<br>Among the problems of acupuncture and acupuncturists, the following points are urgent now: a) Actual proof of the clinical effect. b) Discrimination of indication. c) Reformation of education. d) Revision of the health insurance system.<br>Actual proof of effects of acupuncture is significant for the existence of the techniques. The discrimination of indication is important issue for acupuncturists so as not to employ the techniques for wrong cases. This must be quickly done as the chief subject of our society. The reformation of the education system for acupuncturists means adequate training of therapists and sending out qualified technicians who can answer the requests of patients. The acupuncturists society with cooperation of JSA must take the initiative in finding a quick solution to this problem. The revision of the medical insurance system means the establishment of a new system under which people can easily receive acupuncture treatment. This is, however, not a problom for the JSA but for the acupuncturists society to solve. Therefore, the insurance problem is not to be discussed in this symposium.

Clinical research using specific techniques for knee arthralgia / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Using 83 assumed arthrosis deformans of the knee patients as subjects we conducted a clinical study of acupuncture therapy adding cross-insertion and twisting techniques and examined the therapeutic results in a total of 72 cases, omitting cases in which treatment was discontinued.<br>Treatment was divided into general treatment which was administered in all cases and classified treatment according to the specific area of pain. Results were evaluated by 4 ranks-cure, improvement, no change and aggravation of symptoms, according to the rate of improvement in pain and test results. These results indicated either cure or improvement in 67 cases (93%), that is in a large majority of the cases an improvement of symptoms was obtained with acupuncture therapy. Looking at the number of treatments, results improved respectively with the greater number of treatments. Therapeutic results were about the same in all age groups. Treatment over an extended period is necessary in cases in which the painful area feels hot upon touch however it became clear that if treatment is continued good results are obtainable.

Study about acupoints in "Daikei" / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

There have been no researches made on the names or numbers of acupoints described in “Daikei”, which is an origin of medical science of the Orient. In order to clarify it, we studied a lot of documents, centering on “Daikei” consisting of “Somon” and “Reisu”.<br>In 1982, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific decided upon the names of acupoints, which we call the current names of acupoints in our study.<br>Our study showed that 15 acupoints were mentioned in “Somon” only, 77 acupoints in “Reisu” only and 46 acupoints in both “Somon” and “Reisu”, totaling 138 acupoints under the current names. Besides the above, 25 acupoints (of different names from the current ones) are described in “Daikei”. Consequently, a total of 163 acupoints are described in “Daikei”.<br>Apart from “Daikei”, 209 acupoints (current names) are described in “Kouotsukyo” and 14 acupoints (current names) in other documents.<br>As a result of our researches, we found a total of 361 acupoints under the current names in “Daikei” and other documents.

Progress Through Experience to Actual Proof / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Acupuncture-moxibustion is an accumulation of a long period of experience in direct treatment of the human body. Still today the same types of methods occupy the main stream of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy. In order to move toward more effective methods in therapy it is essential that the methods used be effective and objective and that comparative examination with other methods be conducted.<br>I discovered that acupuncture administered to the area of muscle contracture at the nerve radix is remarkably effective and that in comparison with other acupuncture methods is highly effective. In order to examine these effects through animal experiments I administered tetanic stimulation to the gastrocnemius muscles to weaken the contraction strength and proved that acupuncture serves to accelerate the recovery action. As this function appeared even after the nerve was severed I considered the possibility that it might be an axon reflex. The effects vanished with the administration of an axon reflex suppressant but were observed even after denervation.<br>It can be stated that little progress will occur unless in this manner acupuncture research is repeatedly conducted such that results are verified through a comparative examination followed by fundamental experiments in which similar pathological conditions are created in animals and the acupuncture effects and mechanism verified.

Clinical Research of Acupuncture Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Until this time a great deal of research of acupuncture therapy for diabetes mellitus has appeared, however very few reports have examined the relationship with the blood sugar value in most of the cases. Using 111 cases of diabetes mellitus treated over the past 5 years as subjects we performed a clinical study of acupuncture and moxibustion.<br>Therapy was divided into general treatment, normally administered generally, and classified treatment administered according to specific symptoms.<br>From among the 111 cases, eliminating 36 cases in which therapy was discontinued within 2 months of the start and 21 cases in which blood sugar was untested, there were 54 cases in which the blood sugar count was distinct.<br>Results were evaluated as one of 4 ranks, Excellent, Good, Stable, Ineffective, according to the improvement in the blood sugar count.<br>Results were excellent in 19 cases, good in 7 cases, stable in 18 cases and ineffective in 10 cases. The blood sugar count improved in about half of the cases.<br>Examining the relationship between the medical history and results, and the period of treatment and results, it was found that treatment was ineffective mostly in cases in which the history was long or in cases in which treatment was discontinued within a year.<br>A tendency was noted for good therapeutic results to be in direct proportion to the shortness of the disease history. Considering relationship with individual symptoms, there were no ineffective cases which showed accompanying symptoms of dryness of the mouth or fatigue. No remarkable relationship between the highness or lowness of the blood sugar count and therapeutic results appeared. Excellent results were observed even in cases in which the blood sugar count was high enough to warrant the use of insulin or oral anti-diabetic drug.<br>Thus it can be said that acupuncture-moxibustion therapy is a treatment method of applicable value for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.